Real-Time Control of Distributed Batteries With Blockchain-Enabled Market Export Commitments

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in distributed residential batteries for households with renewable generation. Yet, assuring battery assets are profitable their owners requires complex optimisation the asset and additional revenue sources, such as novel ways to access wholesale energy markets. In this paper, we propose framework which market bids placed on forward markets by an aggregator that controlled real time Home Energy Management System (HEMS) control algorithm meet commitments, while maximising local self-consumption. The proposed consists three stages. first stage, optimal day-ahead or intra-day scheduling aggregated storage is computed centrally. For second bidding strategy developed Finally, third HEMS real-time based smart contract allows coordination commitments maximise self-consumption production. Using case study provided large U.K.-based demonstrator, apply 70 batteries. Experimental analysis done using per minute data demand Results indicate approach increases aggregator's revenues 35% compared without flexibility, rate factor two. robustness results uncertainty, forecast errors communication latency also demonstrated.